Dubbed the most-complex structure in the universe, perhaps nothing is more mysterious, more enduringly elusive, than the human brain.  In the 19th century the ‘new science’ of phrenology promised to unlock the secrets of the human brain by studying the shape of a person’s head. A century later researchers started to look inside the skull for answers; the National Institutes of Health declared the 1990s the “Decade of the Brain” and federal money gushed into research grants, creating a renaissance in neuroscience. The results of that renaissance are just starting to emerge:  today’s brain imaging techniques allow scientists to map the neural circuitry of the human brain to within 50 nanometers; advances in brain-machine interfaces suggest a cyborg-like future may be closer to fact than fiction; and perhaps most importantly, modern paradigms of consciousness and behavior are emerging that suggest new insights into what makes us uniquely human. This week’s Friday Five looks at a small handful of projects and perspectives revealing the future of the brain.

Brainbow

The pictures look like stunning pieces of abstract art: vibrant multi-colored tendrils forming delicate branches of trees and tendrils.  Rather than an impressionist art exhibit, however, these pictures reveal brilliant bouquets of brain cells and are the highest resolution images of the brain available today.  Last year Dr. Jeff Lichtman and his team at the Harvard Brain Center developed transgenic mice with multicolored neurons using a new method that “paints” brain cells with a fluorescent protein, making visible individual neurons and their vast networks of connections.  Pictures of those mouse neurons, what Lichtman calls “Brainbows“, reveal an ethereal combination of technology and nature on the frontier of neuroscience. By color-coding neural circuits, researchers hope to create a complete a “wiring diagram” of the brain that will help identify the cause of neural disorders such as autism, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s.  In this NPR interview, Lichtman describes the significance of brainbows for the future of neuroscience; for more eye candy, see this Wired gallery.

Augmented Cognition: DARPA goes Hollywood

DARPA’s Augmented Cognition program (”AugCog”) explores pathways to enhance human cognitive processes, particularly in the areas of attention and memory - a future-critical skill in a world increasingly characterized by information overload.   Most of the studies the agency funds have impenetrable-sounding titles, such as “Experience-Based Narrative Memory”.  But in this case, DARPA turned to Hollywood to bring the potential of augmented cognition technology to life.  The Future of Augmented Cognition is a short film directed by veteran filmmaker Alexander Singer that depicts DARPA’s vision of “AugCog” technologies in 2030.  Set in a command center tasked with monitoring cyberspace activities for anomalies that could threaten the global (and largely digital) economy, the film aims to provide both an entertaining and informative overview of the role AugCog technology could play in everyday life in the future.

Brain-machine interface

In 2001, electrician Jesse Sullivan accidentally touched a live cable, electrocuting him with 7,500 volts of electricity. As a result, both his arms were amputated at the shoulder. In the process of fitting him for artificial limbs surgeons took the severed ends of the nerves that once controlled Sullivan’s arm and rerouted them to the muscles in his chest. Unexpectedly, the nerves grew into the muscles and the procedure made Jesse Sullivan the first person to receive a nerve-muscle graft and use it to control an artificial limb. While there are numerous stories in the news today about the potential of brain-machine interfaces, this video from Pop!Tech 2005 tells one of the most remarkable and inspiring stories in neuroscience.

Promise and Peril: The Future of the Brain

The title says it all.  Most books about the future of the brain tend to be either science-heavy or buried in a deep layer of philosophical theory covering the dualism vs. holism debate.  Scientist and author Steven Rose balances the approach in Promise and Peril: The Future of the Brain, an ethically-aware, pop-sci look at how developments in neuroscience (including smart pills, brain repair and mind-reading devices) will change our understanding of what it means to be human in the future. 

Blue Brain 

The human brain is often described as a biological supercomputer, and the holy grail of computing has long been to make a machine that functions with the speed, accuracy and complexity of a human brain. But can a brain be built from a bunch of circuit boards and microchips?  IBM and Swiss research lab EPFL say yes: they’ve teamed up to create the Blue Brain project, described as the first comprehensive attempt to reverse-engineer the mammalian brain.  Blue Brain, as the supercomputer is called, consists of 2,000 microchips, each of which has been programmed to act like a neuron in a human brain and which together replicate “with shocking precision” the cellular events unfolding inside a mind. This SEED magazine article by science writer Jonah Lehrer offers an in-depth look at road to building Blue Brain, from the eccentric personalities (including project leader Henry Markam) to the technical hurdles (such as an estimated annual $3 billion electric bill).

(note: this post is cross-posted on the Pop!Tech blog) 

At first glance, the Rosetta Disk might be mistaken for a small CD - except for the fact that it’s made of titanium and nickel, of course.  Well, that and the fact that it contains no digital data, but instead has 13,500 pages of text etched onto its 3-inch surface.   

Recently released by the Long Now Foundation, the Rosetta Disk, in all its miniature glory, is aremarkable artifact of human knowledge.  Conceived as a “modern Rosetta stone” the disk contains 1500 different language translations of the book of Genesis: 1 - 3 (just in case you’re wondering, you need a 750-power optical microscope to read it).  Made of non-corroding metals, it has an estimated shelf life of 2,000 years.

Eight years in the making, the Rosetta Disk project was envisioned as a solution to the question of how a society could transmit and store its knowledge over the centuries ( see Kevin Kelly’s post for a full write up on the project).

Just in time for the holidays, there are two remaining First Edition Rosetta Disks, each available for a donation of $25,000.

Let me start by saying that I’m not a big fan of reblogging. I think there’s a fine line between greedily sucking at the spigot of Googlejuice by lazily link-posting (on the one hand) and hyperlinking into the central nervous system of the blogosphere to share a really cool story (on the other).

This is one of those “on the other hand” times. For the assuredly small minority of FringeHog readers who aren’t already rabid Ethan Zuckerman fans, I bring to your attention a cautionary yet inspirational story about the ravages of war, the boundless ingenuity of humans and the transformation of a commonplace rodent into a hero. See Ethan’s fabulous post Sniffing out the future in Morogoro, Tanzania. Seriously, it will make your day.

(And if you’re looking for a holiday gift, you can’t do much better than adopting a Hero Rat).

Weather maps and search engine queries are the latest tools in the fight against global health threats.

In 2003 a new, highly contagious form of pneumonia began to spread throughout China.  Over the course of nine months over 8,000 cases of “severe acute respiratory syndrome” or SARS were reported in more than 25 countries.  As the disease spread, so did the public panic. Although fewer than 1,000 SARS deaths were reported worldwide, the economic and psychological toll was great. Countries closed their borders and halted trade, and the global economic impact ran into the billions.

Experts warn that such pandemics are on the rise, and as the world becomes more ”hot, flat and crowded“ the global cost of communicable diseases like SARS will also increase. Which makes predicting where the next pandemic will come from all that more urgent.

A step in the right direction occured aarlier this year when researchers released a first-ever map of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) that identifies the world’s “hotspots” for diseases such as SARS, avian flu, Ebola and the West Nile virus. The map shows that most of the emerging pathogens are zoonoses (animal pathogens that infect humans) and that the main “hotspots” are located in developing countries where changes in population density and wildlife diversity have shifted (specifically South Asia and Southeast Asia).  Researchers say that together with “smart surveillance” and monitoring systems the map offers a prediction of where the next new disease could emerge.

 Hmmm… Surveillance.  Monitoring.  Aggregating large amounts of data.  Sounds like a job for the world’s favorite search engine.  Indeed, last week Google.org announced a new tool to predict flu outbreaks in the U.S.  The aptly-named Google Flu Trends analyzes search patterns (i.e., users searching for keywords such as “flu symptoms” or “chest congestion”) to create a map of possible flu outbreaks several weeks ahead of public health agencies such as Center for Disease Control (CDC).  While traditional flu surveillance systems (such as doctors reporting to the CDC) take weeks to collect and release data, Google search queries can be generated automatically, providing daily estimates and an early-warning system for potential outbreaks.  Google Flu Trends is part of an on-going series of “digital detection” public health projects, including Health Map, a global disease alert map (above image).

And finally, an actual use for the weather channel:  researchers are using satellites to predict cholera outbreaks in the developing world. This BBC article reports on research by global infectious diseases expert Dr. Rita Colwell, who discovered that cholera outbreaks follow seasonal increases in sea temperature. It turns out that cholera bacteria live in the sea and are associated with plankton blooms which bring the pathogen into the drinking water supply.  Dr. Colwell’s research found that plankton has a seasonality - spring and fall - and that the development of cholera in developing countries follows the same pattern.  By measuring sea surface temperatures using satellite imagery, researchers can predict when the plankton will bloom and thus provide an early warning system for India and Bangladesh, where cholera epidemics occur regularly.  Eventually, researchers hope to be able to predict cholera outbreaks weeks or even months before they occur by looking out to the sea.

Which is more iconic New York: the Empire State Building or a band of dirty pigeons?  While visitors to the Big Apple may or may not experience the city through its architectural landmarks, it’s a pretty sure bet that any trek through Mnahattan will involve an encounter with a pigeon or two (or fifty).  Abecedarium: NYC capitalizes on the city’s eccentricities by creating a map that reflects on the history, geography, and culture of New York City through 26 words. Make that 26 unusual words. Words like Georgic (”a poem to agriculture”), Kermis (”a festival”) and Welkin (”the vault of heaven, the sky”).  Each word is mapped to a location in New York and connects to an original video, picture and/or audio track that both describes the word (helpful, in case you’re lost on what “umbel” means) and shows it relationship to the cityscape.

The result is a multimedia interpretation of the city as seen through the eyes of a dictionary. For instance, Holus Bolus (”all at once”) includes a video that seems to feature a day in the life of a flock of NYC pigeons while Audile (”one who thinks in sounds rather than visual images”) reveals a sound tour of the city, a sort of urban symphony of honking cars and street rappers.

While the content on the main site is curated by the project’s directors, users can contribute their own interpretations and experiences of the words on the site’s blog.  The contributions range from the quotidian to the quintessential: posts related to Georgic include a video of the greener side of the east village and an ode to the Park Slope food co-op.

 (Running notes from Pop!Tech ‘08.  For more posts and the latest release of talks, see the Pop!Tech blog.) 

 photo: Kris Krug

At first glance, David Harrison looks more like a Marine than a linguist. With his carefully cropped crew cut, impeccably tailored shirt and serious, straightforward attitude, he looks like he should be saving combat missions, not cultures.  But perhaps his physical persona is in fact fitting with his life’s mission: to protect and save the endangered languages of the world.  It’s a task that has taken him to some of the most remote corners of the planet, making him an unlikely hero: a protector of languages, a guardian of the spoken word.

Harrison is an author, professor of linguistics at Swathmore College and director of research for the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. He says there are some 7000 languages spoken in the world today, which may seem like a lot until we consider that globally linguistic diversity is incredibly uneven. In fact, 83 of the most widely spoken languages account for about 80 percent of the world’s population while the 3,500 smallest languages account for just 0.2 percent of the world’s people.

In an increasingly culturally homogenous world, why should we care?  Because languages, Harrison says, are more than just a collection of sounds and words; they are “entire conceptual universes of thought.” Collectively, he says, languages represent the greatest repository of human knowledge ever assembled. Every language reveals some of the secrets of how humans have survived on the planet.

Every 14 days a language disappears.  Languages are much more endangered than species, and are going extinct at a much faster rate.  While 5% of the world’s fish are extinct, 8% of plants; 11% of birds, 18% of mammals - with languages the figure closer to 40%. By 2100 more than half of the world’s languages will become extinct.

from When Languages Die

What’s lost when a language goes extinct?  Harrison says when a language dies the history of a culture vanishes: we lose vital information about the natural world, plants, animals, ecosystems, and cultural traditions. For instance, the Yulik of Alaska have over 99 complex descriptive terms for describing different formations of sea ice, a technology that has aided them in hunting and in surviving in one of the world’s harshest climates, and attuning their culture to be one of the most sensitive instruments to detect the signs of climate change and global warming. We’re facing the “triple threat of extinction“: species and ecosystems are in collapse globally; but knowledge systems about those ecosystems are also in collapse because they’re often contained in small languages that are purely transmitted orally.  

Harrison’s Enduring Voices project focuses on identifying “language hotspots” to prioritize research and save endangered languages (see this previous post).  There are 24 hotspots today, including eastern Siberia, northern Australia, central South America, Oklahoma, and the U.S. Pacific Northwest.   The goal of Enduring Voices is to support indigenous community efforts at language revitalization and maintenance worldwide. Together with colleagues Greg Anderson and National Geographic photographer Chris Rainer, Harrison visits “last speakers” to document their dying languages, sometimes creating the first-ever written records.

The process can be deeply personal. He recalls a quote from one of the last speakers of the Tofa language in Siberia, an aged woman, who reflecting on her mortality, told him: “Soon I will go berry picking. And when I do, I will take my language with me.”

Note: David Harrison’s talk at Pop!Tech has been translated into 33 languages on dotSub.

Note: these are running notes from Pop!Tech ‘08; for more posts, see the Pop!Tech blog.  I stopped liveblogging conferences (for why, see In Praise of Slow Blogging); however, I’ll have more complete (and perhaps coherent) reflections up this week. 

FRANK WARREN, curator of the world’s secrets 

Frank Warren collects secrets.  One day he printed up a few hundred self-addressed postcards, handed them out to strangers in Washington, DC and asked them to send him their secrets.  Four years and 250,000 secrets later, what started out as a community art project has turned into a hobby, a vocation and ultimately, a profession.  Of the thousand or so cards he receives each week, Frank posts a handful to his blog, PostSecret.  The blog is voyeuristically addicting; the secrets are painful, funny and profound.

While many of the secrets expose past deeds, some reveal hidden desires.  In December 2006, Frank posted this card:

Soon after, he received this email:

Sent: Sunday, December 3, 2006 8:22 AM

This Saturday evening I will be waiting for you too. This invitation does not mean that I want to do anything or talk during the movie. But when the darkness leaves the theatre, perhaps we will look into each other’s eyes, smile, decide to get a cup of coffee and share a conversation over what we just saw.

-waiting with a white hat

That email led to the creation of a PostSecret fan site called The White Hat People, which encourages people going to the movies alone to wear a white hat, and thus meet each other.   

PostSecret hits a collective nerve because it represents the paradox of the digital age: the ability to be publicly anonymous. (Or anonymously public. You choose.)  By revealing our innermost secrets to the world’s largest audience, it offers an opaque veil for the truth: one that is both staunchly impersonal and profoundly intimate. As a public confessional, perhaps Post Secret offers relief, if not absolution, by releasing people from the shackles of secrecy.

LAURA WATERS HINSON, on “radical forgiveness”

Imagine that you have a secret to confess. Now imagine that your confession is very public, and very personal. And that your crime isn’t cheating on your spouse, but that you killed your neighbor?  That you chopped off his hands and feet, until he slowly bled to death in front of you.

Is there an arena to talk about - and seek forgiveness from - such unimaginable crimes? That’s the basis of As We Forgive, a groundbreaking documentary film by Student Academy Award Winner Laura Waters Hinson that explores the human capacity for forgiveness in the most extraordinary of circumstances - the aftermath of the Rwanda genocide. 

In 1994, over the course of one hundred days nearly 800,000 Tutsis were killed by the Hutu militia and sympathizers, making the Rwanda tragedy one of the most horrific genocides in history.  As the country slowly edged toward peace and rebuilding, the new government was faced with an overwhelming backlog of genocide cases. Approximately 120,000 genocidaires were crammed into Rwanda’s prisons; it was estimated that it would take 100+ years to prosecute all of the cases.  In 2003, in an effort to decongest the prisons and promote reconciliation, President Paul Kagame ordered the release of some 40,000 prisoners back into the community.

They were free, but many remained prisoners of unending guilt and shame.  A number of religious organizations (including Prison Fellowship, which is featured in the film) have established “reconciliation programs” in an attempt to reintegrate murderers with their communities. As We Forgive explores this concept of “radical forgiveness” through the stories of two women who come face to face with the men who murdered their families, and are asked to forgive them.

Rwanda has pledged never to forget the genocide; memorials scatter the country, including this rural church (pictured above) in which 10,000 people were slaughtered.  The bodies of the victims were left in place as they died, and today the skulls and bones of the victims remain on display as a visible testament to the horror that engulfed the country.

But is forgiveness possible?  This is the backdrop to Laura’s talk at Pop!Tech: as she takes the stage she notes that “In 1994,all that was abundant in Rwanda was scarce. The scarcities were too many to count - trust, security, hope, peace … and people.”

While not everyone agrees that Rwanda has embraced forgiveness, As We Forgive is a haunting, provocative and ultimately inspiring film that asks the question: in an age of conflict, what does justice really mean?

Midway through a west coast red eye last week, I was sleepily browsing through an airport bookstore when I saw something flashing up at me from the stacks.  Was that my imagination or was that magazine blinking?  Indeed it was.

The October edition of Esquire looked like a miniature Times Square billboard, its sleek black cover eclipsed by a flashing message (and a cheeky one at that): “The 21^st Century Begins Now.”  In celebration of its 75^th anniversary, Esquire claims to be the first magazine cover to be printed with electronic ink (also known as “e ink”).

Even if you missed this edition of Esquire, you’ve likely seen eink in action before. It’s used in electronic displays, including in the top ebooks on the market, Amazon’s Kindle and the Sony’s Reader. However, this is reportedly the first time the digital technology has been incorporated into a print page.  Esquire explains the arduous, innovative (and somewhat chilly) path its creation: first, EInk Corporation (creator of the technology) had to design circuitry thin and flexible enough to bend with the cover, as well as small enough to draw a level of energy that would allow the battery to last at least 90 days. The display, electronics and batteries were assembled in Shanghai, then shipped to Mexico (via refrigerated trucks) where each unit was embedded by hand.

How does it work? Our friends at Wikipedia say: the principal components of electronic ink are millions of tiny microcapsules, about the diameter of a human hair…each microcapsule contains positively charged white particles and negatively charged black particles suspended in a clear fluid. When a negative electric field is applied, the white particles move to the top of the microcapsule to become visible to the reader.

This makes the surface appear white at that spot.

At the same time, an opposite electric field pulls the black particles to the bottom of the microcapsules where they are hidden. By reversing this process, the black particles appear at the top of the capsule, which now makes the surface appear dark at that spot. 

The long road to the future

So, what’s the future of eink?  While it’s been heralded as a “game changing” technology for nearly a decade, it’s just now coming into its own - a tad longer lead time than its inventors (and its investors) anticipated. But like most game changers, the road between getting in the game and actually changing it is often paved with hype.

E Ink cofounder Joseph Jacobson, a professor at the MIT Media Lab, was working on the discovery which led to the development of eink technology in 1997.  The company launched that year with $100 million in funding and predictions of an $80 billion market opportunity. Three years later the first working prototype of electronic paper was unveiled. While it got rave reviews, what it didn’t get were a lot of customers. According to this Forbes article, by 2003 E Ink was out of money, having run through its initial funding without delivering a product to market. But the company was resurrected the following year when the CEO was replaced and it nailed a contract to provide the displays for Sony’s ebook Reader. In 2007 it landed the Amazon Kindle contract. Last year reportedly more than half of the company’s $15 million in revenue came from companies that sell ebook gadgets.

The vision of E Ink isthe next-gen RadioPaper, a lightweight, flexible display similar to organic paper that could be used to create an electronic book or newspaper “with real pages that can be leafed through, thumbed over and read on the beach.” Ultimately electronic ink could transform almost any surface to into a dynamic display: clothing, buildings, everyday objects, turning the whole world into an information (or perhaps advertising?) mecca.

Note: this is cross-posted on the Pop!Tech blog. If you don’t read Pop!Tech, stop by and have a look around. It features a cadre of stellar bloggers and is chock-full of interesting ideas.

(Photo credit: Chosun Ilbo) 

I have a new addition to my ever-growing list of favorite robots (including those that play the violin, teach science and comfort the elderly): a robotic plant. Korea’s Chosun Ilbo newspaper is reporting that the robot research laboratory at Chonnam National University has developed a robotic plant that has humidifying, oxygen-producing, aroma-emitting, and kinetic functions. As someone who has been directly responsible for the slow (albeit involuntary) death of scores of houseplants over the years, this is - literally - music to my ears.

In fact, that’s part of the point. In addition to several real-plant characteristics (such as emitting oxygen, moisture and aroma), the four-foot-tall robotic plant also responds to external stimuli including people, music and light. According to the article “when a person comes within a 40 cm radius of the flower, its supersonic sensor perceives the approach, the stem bends towards the person, and the buds come into full bloom. When the person leaves, the plant returns to its original state. If a person’s voice becomes louder than a certain level, the flower buds will come into bloom, and the stem shakes slightly to suggest a greeting. When the room lights up, the buds open and close, and when music is played, the plant dances.” Users could build a “robot garden” of several robots embedded with a ubiquitous networking system or use them for indoor interior decoration.

Finally, plants with a purpose! No more composting, weeding or watering. Come springtime, stop by my robot garden and smell the circuitry.

Perhaps it’s the constant ringing you hear - in your pocket, on your hip, in the car.  Or the fact that even a cursory look at the local mall or a city street seems to indicate that humans have mysteriously developed a new appendage, one complete with a dial tone.  Or maybe it’s the haunting realization that the way to your teenage daughter’s heart appears to be through an iPhone.  You may not have heard, but your surely intuit, that the world recently reached a tipping point. There is now one cellphone for every two people on the planet.

The mobile phone has been hailed as the fastest global diffusion of any technology in human history.  As with any technology of this magnitude and reach, what follows is revolution - social revolution, to be exact. From fish farmers in India to mobile financing in Africa, the ability of the mobile phone to effect social change is one of the most exciting and important stories being written today.  This week’s Friday Five highlights just a few examples of the growing trend of “mobile activism.”  

Texting for Social Change - FrontlineSMS

In many developing countries mobile phones are not only far more ubiquitous than computers and landlines, in many cases they are the only means of communication.  Organizations such as NGOs rely on tools like text messaging to reach out to the communities they work with. FrontlineSMS is a text messaging system that allows a user with a laptop and a GSM mobile phone the ability to send a large number of text (SMS) messages; because it depends on cellular networks instead of the Internet, it will work in any country on any GSM network. In the first two years since its release, FrontlineSMS has been used by NGOs in 41 countries for a wide range of activities including monitoring elections and disease outbreaks, blood donor recruitment and the exchange of market price information for vegetable and coffee growers.

Mobile Phone Reporters - Voices of Africa

Launched in May 2007, the Voices of Africa project is creating a cadre of “mobile reporters.”  Armed with mobile phones, the reporters are known as ‘camjos’ (short for ‘camera’ and ‘journalist’) who use mobile phones to write, takes photos and makes videos about daily life in Africa on subjects they find newsworthy. Using the mobile phone as the reporting platform is critical, as many journalists don’t have access to the Internet to file their stories. According to the project site, Voices of Africa aims aims to “put Africans in a much better position to take part in discussions that have been taking place about their continent  for centuries without their knowledge and participation.”

Environmental Monitoring - MESSAGE on a Bike

This New Scientist article reports that cellphones used by bicycle couriers are monitoring air pollution in Cambridge, UK, and beaming the data back to a research lab. The project, called MESSAGE, is developing low cost sensors to provide data for the planning and management of environmental impacts in urban areas. Sensors are embedded on vehicles and people to act as “mobile, real-time environmental probes, sensing transport and non-transport related pollutants and hazards.” One very practical application: working with doctors to correlate their patient’s asthma symptoms with the air pollution around them. (thanks to Changeist for the heads up)

Mobile Acitivism = MobileActive

MobileActive is a global network of people (and their tools, projects, and resources) focused on the use of mobile phones in civil society. It’s without a doubt one of the most comprehensive and connected sites on the web documenting the use of mobile phones for activism and advocacy, featuring hundreds of examples, case studies and resources (see this Boston Globe article for a sample). Most importantly, MobileActive taps into activists around the world, connecting a community that is literally creating social change one cell phone at a time.  For anyone interested in following the emerging trend of mobile activism from the ground up, the organization’s news aggregator and del.icio.us feeds are must-reads.

“Socially Networked Consumption” - CarrotMob

What if the most important step you could take to help solve the world’s most challenging problems was to drop into the corner store on a certain week and buy a certain brand of toothbrush? This is the question posed by Carrotmob, a new non-profit that organizes consumers to make purchases that reward companies who make environmentally friendly choices.  At its initial launch Carrotmob organized 300+ people for a few hours of shopping at a local market in San Francisco. The company, K&D Market, pledged to allocate 22% of gross revenue from Carrotmobbers towards energy-saving measures. The big idea, according to founder Brent Schulkin, is to improve the world by helping companies embrace socially responsible choices, leveraging the power of “socially networked consumption”* to do so.  

*4/22/08 update: Stephanie Gerson, a student at UC Berkley, wrote to tell me that she coined the term “socially networked consumption”; while the term isn’t explained in detail on her blog (only: “peer consumption via consumer networking sites”), according to her email she’s writing a thesis on the topic.